4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induces the formation of cellular topoisomerase I-DNA cleavage complexes.

RecQ helicase BLM-deficient cells are characteristically hypersensitive to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). We recently reported that isogenic BLM-deficient cells (PNSG13) are more sensitive than BLM-complemented cells (PNSF5) to camptothecin, which specifically traps topoisomerase I cleavage complexes (Top1cc). We now report that PNSG13 are also 3.5-fold more sensitive to 4NQO compared with PNSF5 and that 4NQO induces higher levels of Top1cc and reduced histone gamma-H2AX in PSNG13 than in PNSF5. Similarly, 4NQO induces more Top1cc in primary fibroblasts from a patient with Bloom syndrome than in normal human fibroblasts. 4NQO also induces Top1cc in colon cancer HCT116 and HT29 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. Of note, distinct from camptothecin, the Top1cc produced by 4NQO accumulate progressively after 4NQO addition and persist following 4NQO removal. The Top1cc induced by 4NQO are detectable by alkaline elution. To examine the functional relevance of the Top1cc induced by 4NQO, we used two stable topoisomerase I small interfering RNA (siRNA) cell lines derived from HCT116 and MCF7 cells. Both topoisomerase I siRNA cell lines are resistant to 4NQO, indicating that Top1cc contribute to the cellular activity of 4NQO. Collectively, these data show that 4NQO is an effective inducer of cellular Top1cc. Because 4NQO does not directly trap Top1cc in biochemical assays, we propose that active metabolites of 4NQO trap Top1cc by forming DNA adducts. Induction of Top1cc and histone gamma-H2AX by 4NQO may contribute to the cellular effects of 4NQO, including its selective activity toward RecQ helicase BLM-deficient cells.